
ANDRAGOGY
Malcom Knowles (1913-1997) made the European concept of andragogy synonymous with adult learning, which is part art and part science. Andragogy regards adults as active participants in their learning journey who arrive with a volume of prior knowledge and experience, and can self-direct their studies.
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4 principles
of Andragogy:
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Adults need to be involved in the development of instruction and course evaluation.
Course focus should be on acquiring and building onto experience – not an end outcome.
Content should have an immediate applicability and relevance to real world experiences.
Adults require the space to absorb presented knowledge and activities that are problem-based.
LIMITS & STRENGTHS:
ANDRAGOGY
LIMITS
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Knowles’ assumptions serve more as guiding principles than a learning theory.
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Adult learners are a diverse group and not all of Knowles’ assumptions can be applied equally to all adults or to all learning situations.
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Inability to measure how well assumptions are applied to a course.
These identified limits and strengths can be seen as
trade-offs.
STRENGTHS
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Assumptions and principles serve as a guide for adult instruction.
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Understands adults are more than blank slates but bring with them a wealth of knowledge and experience.
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Easily applicable in a variety of training environments: face-to-face, blended, and virtual.
of ANDRAGOGY
IMPLICATIONS
for instructional design
In this section, the assumptions of andragogy are paired with their implication for Instructional Design.
Adult learners need to know the reason behind learning something.
Beyond informing adult learners of the course topics and learning objectives, this assumption highlights the need adults have for knowledge. This need can be applied in eLearning through offering on-demand, accessible training as well as microlearning.
Adult learners have self-concept.
The ability learners have to direct their experiences is well regarded in eLearning especially. Online courses suit an array of lifestyles because of the freedom it affords the learner in accessing the content at a place and time that suits them. Many online courses are built for independent study but integrate elements of social learning to further meet different learning styles. Instructional designers should let the learners lead the inquiry by offering a flipped classroom approach in live settings or making online courses adaptive to the learner’s style and preferences. Two methods for online adaptive course content is building flexible learning paths and allowing for user preference customization.
Adult learners have prior experiences.
Designing content that respects adult learners experience is important but so is encouraging the sharing of those experiences. In sharing what we know, we strengthen our schemas and invite the opportunity for debate. Instructional designers can build this encouragement into courses through collaborative activities like group projects, presentations, online discussion forums, or blogs.
Adults have a readiness for their learning.
Tap into adult learners’ motivation by quickly identifying the WIIFM, or what’s in it for me. Share a real-world example of how the content will help the learner by applying it to their profession or hobby. Tease the topics that will give the learners some expertise and explain how they are invited to learn more through self-discovery. Relate how assessments look at their progress and thinking strategies overall versus knowing a single output. Feedback about the content’s relevance from participants in the course deployment and previous iterations could be shared with new learners to build enthusiasm, as well.
Adult learners have a specific view of learning.
Adult learners are more do-ers than absorb-ers. They crave problem-based tasks that allows them to see the applicability of information quickly. Instructional designers have a plethora of active learning options to choose from whether doing a live or virtual course: debates, presentations, writing reports, case studies or scenarios, letting each student lead one session on a topic related to the course of their choosing, creating multimedia to explain a topic, or simulation trainings.
Adult learners are affected by motivation.
An adult learner’s intrinsic motivation is a powerful factor, and, fortunately, it is one suited to eLearning. Not only does one’s intrinsic motivation likely lead them to taking a course, but that motivation can also be measured in online courses published to xAPI. xAPI offers a detailed way to review learner analytics by measuring key metrics like total time spent in the course, time spent on activities or knowledge checks, learner progress, and assessment scoring, all of which speak to a learner’s motivation.
The instructional designer applying andragogical principles to course content will be certain to:
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Include explanations as to why skills or concepts are being taught.
Offer task-based activities that are rooted in the real world.
Acknowledge the diversity of knowledge and experience of adult students by designing the content for varying levels of expertise.
Allow adult learners to explore content on their own, make mistakes, and then have space to learn from those mistakes.
RESOURCES
Cochran, Charlotte and Steve Brown. (2016). Andragogy and the Adult Learner in Supporting the Success of Adults and Online Students. http://repository.cityu.edu/handle/20.500.11803/594
eLearningInfographics. (April 2, 2014). The Adult Learning Theory of Malcolm Knowles: Andragogy. https://elearninginfographics.com/adult-learning-theory-andragogy-infographic/
InstructionalDesign.org. (n.d.). Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles). InstructionalDesign.org. https://www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/andragogy/
Lambda Solutions. (May 5, 2020). Andragogy Online: Why Adult Education and eLearning Make a Perfect Fit. LambdaSolutions.net. https://www.lambdasolutions.net/blog/andragogy-online-why-adult-education-and-elearning-make-a-perfect-fit
Pappas, Christopher. (August 15, 2014). 9 Tips To Apply Adult Learning Theory to eLearning. eLearningIndustry.com. https://elearningindustry.com/9-tips-apply-adult-learning-theory-to-elearning
Shift. (n.d.). Adult Learning Theories Every Instructional Designer Must Know. ShifteLearning. https://www.shiftelearning.com/blog/adult-learning-theories-instructional-design

